血小板源性生长因子-B与血管平滑肌细胞增殖
| 血小板源性生长因子-B与血管平滑肌细胞增殖 |
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作者:张远起(综述), 陈小东,李建文(审校) 2.2 血小板源性生长因子介导的血管平滑肌细胞增殖信号转导途径 (1)磷酯酰肌醇-3激酶( PI3K) 途径:PDGFR2β亚基突变后丢失酪氨酸激酶2区,可以抑制PDGF-BB诱导的大鼠主动脉血管平滑肌细胞DNA合成。PDGFR-β亚基第708、719位置上的酪氨酸残基丢失则不能和PI3K结合而抑制DNA的合成,但这种受体突变并不影响p120GTP酶激活蛋白和磷酯酶C-γ的结合,也不影响Raf的激活,提示PI3K在PDGF-B诱导增殖过程中起主要作用[10-12]。(2)Ras途径:PDGF与VSMCS上的受体结合后激活膜上的一种小分子G蛋白(ras 蛋白) ,通过ras/ GTP 逐级激活MAPKKK/MAPKK/ ERK通路,促进细胞的有丝分裂[13-14]。用转染法使VSMC 获得突变型显性负ras后,可抑制PDGF-B诱导的DNA合成以及由气囊损伤引起的细胞增殖反应。p21ras需要异戊二烯基化后才有活性,而利用抑制其异戊二烯基化的药物(HMG CoA抑制剂) 能够阻断PDGF-B诱导的VSMC有丝分裂、迁移,提示p21ras在此过程中起重要作用。(3)磷脂酶激活途径:PDGF-B与血管平滑肌细胞上的受体结合后, 激活细胞内酪氨酸蛋白激酶(TPK),进而激活磷脂酶C,刺激肌醇磷酸产生三磷酸肌醇(IP3)和二酰基甘油(DAG)。IP3主要作用于内质网,DAG可激活蛋白激酶C,蛋白激酶可使核蛋白体上丝氨酸残基磷酸化,从而促进DNA的合成。而三磷酸肌醇IP3作为第二信使诱导c-myc基因表达,使胞内DNA合成加快[15]。(4)Ca2+离子途径[16]:PDGF-B可以促进VSMC 的细胞外Ca2+内流和内Ca2+释放增加。Ca2+内流可通过电压依赖性二氢吡啶敏感性钙通道,也可通过能被无机离子Ni2+和Co2+阻断而对有机钙离子拮抗剂不敏感的通路进入细胞[17]。PDGF-BB促Ca2+内流的作用可被酪氨酸磷酸化酶抑制剂阻断,说明PDGF-BB促Ca2+内流需要细胞内某些蛋白的磷酸化。(5)其它途径:可以引起受体自动磷酸化和在酪氨酸残基上的胞浆底物磷酸化;还可以启动细胞核内c-myc,c-fos,c-jun 基因的转录,并使其水平升高,继而激发与细胞分裂有关的各种转录调节因子的合成。 4 小结 综上所述,PDGF-B作为结缔组织源性细胞强有力的促有丝分裂剂,许多血管性疾病的发生发展都有PDGF-B的参与。了解PDGF-B与血管增生、肥厚的关系,有利于找出既能保留PDGF-B正常生理功能又能防止和减轻血管性疾病的有效方法。目前对PDGF-B所致的血管平滑肌细胞异常增殖的信号转导机制以及调节因素等方面认识还不够全面,所以有必要对其进行深入研究。随着认识的不断健全,将可能为临床防治动脉硬化、血管损伤再狭窄、高血压等心血管系统疾病提供新的理论依据。 【参考文献】 [2] Boucher P, Gotthardt M, Li W P, et al. LRP: role invascular wall integrity and protection from atherosclerosis[J]. Science,2003,300:329-332. [3] Tanaga K, Bujo H, Zhu Y, et al. LRP1B attenuates the migration of smooth muscle cells by reducing membrane localization of urokinase and PDGF receptors[J]. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,2004,24:1422-1428. [4] Tallquist M, Kazaluaskas A. PDGF signalling in cells and mice[J].Cytokine Growth Factor Rev, 2004,15:205-213. [5] Board R, Jayson G C. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR): a target for anticancer therapeutics[J]. Drug Resist Updat, 2005,8(1-2):75-83. [6] Dandre F, Owens G K. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB and Ets-1 transcription factor negatively regulate transcription of multiple smooth muscle cell differentiation marker genes[J]. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 2004,286:H2042-H2051. [8] Vindis C, Escargueil-Blanc I, Elbaz MD et al.Esensitization of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta by oxidized lipids in vascular cells and atherosclerotic lesions: prevention by aldehyde scavengers[J].Circ Res,2006,98(6):785-92. [9] 王云雅,汪静,邓敬兰,等.放射性PDGFR反义寡核苷酸对血管平滑肌细胞增殖和凋亡的影响[J].心脏杂志,2006,18(4):388-390. [10] McKinnon R D,Waldron S,Kiel M E.PDGF alpha-receptor signal strength controls an RTK rheostat that integrates phosphoinositol 3'-kinase and paospholipase Cgamma pathways during oligodendrocyte maturation[J].J Neurosci,2005,25 (14):3499-3508. [11] Werth C, Stuhlmann D, Cat B,et al.Stromal resistance of fibroblasts against oxidative damage: involvement of tumor cell-secreted platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activation[J]. Carcinogenesis, 2008,3 [Epub ahead of print]. [12] Francy J M,Nag A,Concroy E J,et al. Sphingosine kinase 1 expression is regulated by signaling through PI3K, AKT2, and mTOR in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells[J].Biochim Biophys Acta,2007,1769(4):253-265. [13] 李英,段惠军. Raf/MEK/ERK信号转导通路在糖尿病肾病发生发展中的作用[J].国际内分泌代谢杂志,2007, 27(7):269-271. [14] Nakata S, Fujita N,Kitagawa Y,et al.Regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor activation by afadin through SHP-2: implications for cellular morphology [J].J Biol Chem, 2007,282 (52):37815-37825. [15] Sandilands E,Cans C,Fincham V J,et a1.RhoB and actin polymerization coordinate Src activation with endosome-mediated delivery to the membrane[J].Dev Cell,2004,7(6):855-869. [16] Kojima N,Hori M, Murata T,et a1.Different profiles of Ca2+ responses to endothelin-1 and PDGF in liver myofibroblasts during the process of cell differentiation.Br J Pharmacol,2007 ,151(6):816-827. [17] Egan G G,Wainwright C L,Wadsworth R W,et a1.PDGF-induced signaling in proliferating and differentiated vascular smooth muscle: effects of altered intracellular Ca(2+) regulation[J].Cardiovasc Res,2005, 67(2):308-316. |

