蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶-1B与2型糖尿病相关性的研究现状
| 蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶-1B与2型糖尿病相关性的研究现状 |
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作者:冯秋霞(综述), 高政南(审校) 2 PTP-1B的生理调节 3 PTP-1B与2型糖尿病 3.1 PTP-1B与胰岛素信号传导:胰岛素信号传导首先需要胰岛素与胰岛素受体结合。胰岛素受体是由α2β2亚单位组成的四聚体,α亚单位与胰岛素结合后β亚单位的酪氨酸及胰岛素受体底物发生磷酸化而被激活。磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kianse, PI3K)等下游蛋白也被活化,葡萄糖转运蛋白4由细胞内转至细胞膜,最终葡萄糖进入细胞。在上述过程中的磷酸化反应可以被PTP-1B等因子逆转,从而阻止胰岛素信号的传导。因此,PTP-1B是胰岛素信号传导的一个重要负性调节物质。 如果PTP-1B结构或活性改变,将改变其对胰岛素信号传导的抑制作用。外周组织胰岛素抵抗和胰岛β细胞功能受损是2型糖尿病发病机制的两个基本条件,而胰岛素信号传导被抑制是胰岛素抵抗的重要环节。PTP-1B升高表达可引起胰岛素抵抗,从而引发2型糖尿病。资料表明,PTP-1B的表达水平在糖尿病或发生胰岛素抵抗时明显升高。Zabolotny等[9]使转基因鼠表达人PTP-1B时发现,与对照组相比,实验组鼠肌肉中胰岛素刺激引起的胰岛素受体酪氨酸磷酸化水平降低35%, PI3K活性降低40%~60%,葡萄糖转运所需的蛋白激酶c活性也减弱;表达PTP-1B的小鼠全身葡萄糖清除和肌肉的葡萄糖摄取减少了40%~50%。王淼等[10]的研究表明体重指数正常的初诊2型糖尿病较正常对照者存在明显的胰岛素抵抗,而PTP-1B在前者内脏脂肪组织中的表达较后者显著增高,几乎是后者的4倍。可见内脏脂肪组织PTP-1B的表达升高在胰岛素抵抗中也有重要作用。Gum等[11,12]采用PTP-1B反义寡核苷酸处理糖尿病模型小鼠(ob/ob小鼠),抑制其PTP-1B表达,发现在肝、脂肪和骨骼肌内PTP-1B的表达下调时,ob/ob小鼠血糖恢复正常,与糖代谢有关的各个指标也都趋于正常。以上结果说明,PTP-1B在拮抗胰岛素信号传导中具有重要作用。 3.2 PTP-1B与血脂代谢:PTP-1B调节血脂是通过调节与血脂代谢相关的基因表达而完成的。动物实验证实果糖喂养的小鼠肝细胞中,PTP-1B活性明显升高,载脂蛋白B和极低密度脂蛋白微粒合成分泌增加;加入磷酸酯酶抑制剂可显著减少载脂蛋白B的分泌[20]。而且果糖喂养PTPN1基因敲除小鼠也未见极低密度脂蛋白升高,提示PTP-1B有促进极低密度脂蛋白分泌的作用[21]。对PTPN1基因敲除小鼠脂蛋白谱进行分析,结果显示血浆中载脂蛋白B100的含量下降,其极低密度脂蛋白含量下调[22]。高血糖肥胖小鼠用PTP-1B抗体处理后,脂肪中的PTP-1B水平下降,肥胖程度下降,脂肪细胞中甘油三酯水平也受到影响,后者与脂肪生成相关编码基因的降调节有关 [23]。超重或肥胖的初诊2型糖尿病组与BMI正常的初诊2型糖尿病组ISI 及Homa-IR无明显统计学差异;但是前者内脏脂肪组织PTP-1B的表达水平几乎是后者的3倍,并且在校正年龄和性别后PTP-1B的表达水平与BMI呈正相关[10]。 3.3 PTP-1B与肥胖:目前认为PTP-1B能在分子水平抑制瘦素信号传导而引起肥胖。瘦素是ob基因的编码产物,是一种由脂肪细胞合成、分泌的“脂肪调节激素”。肥胖表现为对瘦素作用的抵抗。PTP-1B使Janus激酶2脱磷酸,瘦素受体不能对瘦素产生应答,从而引起瘦素抵抗。Cheung A等[24]研究表明体重指数与PTP-1B水平呈正相关,而每单位PTP-1B活性与体重指数呈负相关。Cheng A等[7]研究发现PTP-1B基因敲除鼠不仅胰岛素敏感性增强,而且由于去除了PTP-1B对胰岛素和瘦素信号传导的抑制,使小鼠在高脂饮食条件下也不发生肥胖。 4 PTP-1B抑制剂 【参考文献】 [2] Ghosh S, Watanabe RM, Hauser ER, et al. 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